Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto do consumo de sucos antes dos 6 meses de idade no Índice de Massa Corporal para Idade (IMC/I) e no consumo alimentar em pré-escolares. Estudo longitudinal com amostra composta por mães e seus filhos (n=103) entre 6 meses e 3 a 6 anos. Peso e estatura foram aferidos e convertidos para o escore z de IMC/I. Para avaliar o consumo alimentar, foi utilizado o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Infantil. Testes de Qui-Quadrado e t de Student foram utilizados para comparação entre os grupos. Não houve diferença nos parâmetros antropométricos entre pré-escolares que receberam ou não suco antes dos seis meses. Aquelas que tiveram introdução de suco mais precoce (≤150 dias de vida) apresentaram consumo mais frequente (≥1x/dia) de suco artificial (63,8% versus 35,7%; p=0,028) e biscoito recheado (21,3% versus 14,3%; p=0,001) na idade pré-escolar. Crianças que receberam suco do tipo artificial antes dos 6 meses tiveram maior prevalência de consumo de refrigerante entre 1 e 4x/semana (69,2% versus 27,4%; p=0,014) e menor prevalência de consumo de achocolatado pelo menos 1x/dia (38,5% versus 69,4%; p=0,027). Sendo assim, crianças com introdução precoce de suco apresentaram maior consumo de alimentos doces e bebidas açucaradas em fase pré-escolar.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of fruit juice consumption before 6 months of age on Body Mass Index-for-age (BMI-for-age) and food consumption in preschoolers. We conducted a longitudinal study with mothers and their children (n=103) at 6 months and 3-6 years. Weight and height were measured and converted into BMI-for-age z-scores. Food consumption was analyzed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire for Children. Groups were compared using the chi-squared and Student’s t-tests. No differences in anthropometric measurements were found at preschool age between children who had been given fruit juice before 6 months and those who had not. Consumption of artificial juice (≥once/day) and sandwich cookies at preschool age was higher in children with early introduction of fruit juice (≤150 days of life) (63.8% versus 35.7%; p=0.028 and 21.3% versus 14.3%; p=0.001, respectively). The prevalence of the consumption of soda (1 to 4 times/week) and chocolate milk (at least once/day) was higher in children who had been given artificial juice before 6 months (69.2% versus 27.4%; p=0.014 and 38.5% versus 69.4%; p=0.027, respectively). It can be concluded that the consumption of sweet foods and sugary beverages was higher in children with early introduction of fruit juice.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o impacto do consumo de sucos antes dos 6 meses de idade no Índice de Massa Corporal para Idade (IMC/I) e no consumo alimentar em pré-escolares. Estudo longitudinal com amostra composta por mães e seus filhos (n=103) entre 6 meses e 3 a 6 anos. Peso e estatura foram aferidos e convertidos para o escore z de IMC/I. Para avaliar o consumo alimentar, foi utilizado o Questionário de Frequência Alimentar Infantil. Testes de Qui-Quadrado e t de Student foram utilizados para comparação entre os grupos. Não houve diferença nos parâmetros antropométricos entre pré-escolares que receberam ou não suco antes dos seis meses. Aquelas que tiveram introdução de suco mais precoce (≤150 dias de vida) apresentaram consumo mais frequente (≥1x/dia) de suco artificial (63,8% versus 35,7%; p=0,028) e biscoito recheado (21,3% versus 14,3%; p=0,001) na idade pré-escolar. Crianças que receberam suco do tipo artificial antes dos 6 meses tiveram maior prevalência de consumo de refrigerante entre 1 e 4x/semana (69,2% versus 27,4%; p=0,014) e menor prevalência de consumo de achocolatado pelo menos 1x/dia (38,5% versus 69,4%; p=0,027). Sendo assim, crianças com introdução precoce de suco apresentaram maior consumo de alimentos doces e bebidas açucaradas em fase pré-escolar.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of fruit juice consumption before 6 months of age on Body Mass Index-for-age (BMI-for-age) and food consumption in preschoolers. We conducted a longitudinal study with mothers and their children (n=103) at 6 months and 3-6 years. Weight and height were measured and converted into BMI-for-age z-scores. Food consumption was analyzed using the Food Frequency Questionnaire for Children. Groups were compared using the chi-squared and Student’s t-tests. No differences in anthropometric measurements were found at preschool age between children who had been given fruit juice before 6 months and those who had not. Consumption of artificial juice (≥once/day) and sandwich cookies at preschool age was higher in children with early introduction of fruit juice (≤150 days of life) (63.8% versus 35.7%; p=0.028 and 21.3% versus 14.3%; p=0.001, respectively). The prevalence of the consumption of soda (1 to 4 times/week) and chocolate milk (at least once/day) was higher in children who had been given artificial juice before 6 months (69.2% versus 27.4%; p=0.014 and 38.5% versus 69.4%; p=0.027, respectively). It can be concluded that the consumption of sweet foods and sugary beverages was higher in children with early introduction of fruit juice.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a adesão a três métodos de introdução alimentar aos 7 meses de vida. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado com pares mães-lactentes submetidos à intervenção aos 5 meses e meio de vida sobre três diferentes métodos de introdução alimentar, conforme randomização: tradicional, Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (introdução de sólidos guiada pelo bebê, em português) ou misto (criado especialmente para este estudo). A adesão ao método foi avaliada aos 7 meses em ligação telefônica feita para o cuidador por pesquisador cego em relação ao método. As análises foram realizadas por teste do qui-quadrado e os dados apresentados em número absoluto e percentual. Resultados: Foram avaliados 139 pares mães-lactentes, 46 alocados no método tradicional, 47 no Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS e 46 no misto. Aos 7 meses, 60 (43,2%) mães relataram que seus lactentes seguiam o método alimentar proposto. Analisando-se cada abordagem, o método misto apresentou maior probabilidade de adesão (71,7%, n=33), seguido do tradicional (39,1%, n=18) e de introdução de sólidos guiada pelo bebê (19,2%, n=9) (p<0,001). Da amostra que não seguiu o método proposto, aqueles que haviam sido randomizados para os métodos tradicional e de introdução de sólidos guiada pelo bebê migraram majoritariamente para o misto (92,9%; n=26 e 92,1%; n=35, respectivamente) (p<0,001). Conclusões: A alimentação complementar em abordagem mista obteve maior adesão aos 7 meses de idade.

Abstract Objective: To assess the adherence to three methods of food introduction for 7-month-old babies. Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial conducted with mother-infant pairs, submitted to the intervention with five and a half months of age and three different methods for food introduction according to randomization: Parent-Led Weaning (PLW), Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS), or mixed (specially developed for this study). Adherence to the method was assessed at the seventh month of age, via telephone call to the caregiver by a researcher blinded to the method. The analyses were performed using the Chi-Square test and data are presented in absolute numbers and percentages. Results: A total of 139 mother-infant pairs were evaluated; 46 of them were allocated to the PLW method; 47, to the BLISS; and 46, to the mixed. At seven months of age, 60 (43.2%) mothers reported that the infants were following the proposed feeding method. When analyzing each approach, the mixed method showed a higher likelihood of adherence (71.7%, n=33), followed by the PLW method (39.1%, n=18) and by the BLISS (19.2%, n=9) (p<0.001). Among the sample that did not follow the proposed method, those that had been randomized to the PLW and BLISS methods mostly migrated to the mixed method (92.9%; n=26 and 92.1%; n=35, respectively) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Complementary feeding in a mixed approach obtained greater adherence in 7-month-old babies.

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the influence of breastfeeding duration on eating behavior in children aged two to six years. Methods: this review was conducted by PRISMA guidelines. SciELO, Lilacs, Embase, and PubMed databases were researched by using a specific syntax, for studies published from 2000 to 2020. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist was used to assess the risk of study bias. Results: a total of 26,211 articles were identified, of which seven were included in the study. The results showed a significant association in four studies. All authors used their own questionnaires to assess breastfeeding exposure; there was no standard classification of exclusive and total breastfeeding duration. The breastfeeding duration was associated with reduced food neophobia, lower scores on the food responsiveness subscale, and lower ‘picky eating’ behavior. Validated instruments were predominantly used to assess the outcome of eating behavior; however, this assessment was not similar between studies. Conclusion: a significant association was observed between breastfeeding duration and eating behavior in children aged two to six years. Further research should be conducted to describe the mechanisms involved in this association.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar a influência da duração do aleitamento materno no comportamento alimentar em crianças de dois a seis anos. Métodos: esta revisão foi conduzida de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA. As bases de dados SciELO, Lilacs, Embase e PubMed foram pesquisadas usando uma sintaxe específica, para estudos publicados de 2000 a 2020. O Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist foi utilizado para avaliar o risco de viés do estudo. Resultados: foram identificados 26.211 artigos, dos quais sete foram incluídos no estudo. Os resultados mostraram associação significativa em quatro estudos. Todos os autores usaram seus próprios questionários para avaliar a exposição à amamentação; não havia uma classificação padrão de duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e total. A duração do aleitamento materno foi associada à redução da neofobia alimentar, menores escores na subescala de responsividade alimentar e menor comportamento alimentar exigente. Instrumentos validados foram usados predominantemente para avaliar o resultado do comportamento alimentar, no entanto, essa avaliação não foi semelhante entre os estudos. Conclusão: observou-se associação significativa entre a duração da amamentação e o comportamento alimentar em crianças de dois a seis anos. Mais pesquisas devem ser realizadas para descrever os mecanismos envolvidos nesta associação.

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the influence of perception of care and maternal protection on breastfeeding practices on the infants’ third month of life. Methods: longitudinal study with mother-infant pairs distributed in five groupsof gestational clinical conditions. The recruitment occurred in the period 2011 to 2016 at three hospitals in the public health systems in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The Parental Bonding Instrument and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale were assessed. Exclusive and prolonged breastfeeding were analyzed by questionnaires. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test, Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s post-hoc test, or Pearson’s chi-squared test. The significance was set at 5%. Results: 209 mother-infant pairs were investigated. Among those who did not practice breastfeeding, a lower perception of care, a higher perception of maternal protection, and a higher score of postpartum depression were observed (p=0.022, p=0.038, and p<0.001, respectively), when compared to peers who practiced. The control group had a significantly higher perception of care when compared to thediabetes mellitus group (p=0.006), and the perception of maternal protection and postpartum depression had no differences between the intrauterine groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: the perception of care and maternalprotection and the postpartum depressive symptomatology influenced breastfeeding at three months. It is possible to assume a transgenerational effect on breastfeeding, suggesting the existence of a complex model related to mental health in a sample of women who had different backgrounds of gestational clinical conditions

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a influência da percepção do cuidado e da proteção materna sobre as práticas de aleitamento materno em lactentes no terceiro mês de vida. Métodos: estudo longitudinal, com pares mães-lactentes distribuídos em cinco grupos de diferentes condições clínicas gestacionais. O recrutamento ocorreu no período de 2011 a 2016 em três hospitais da rede pública de saúde de Porto Alegre, Brasil. Foram utilizados o Parental Bonding Instrument e o Edinburgh Postpartun Depression Scale. O aleitamento materno exclusivo e continuado foi analisado por questionários. Na análise de dados foram utilizados os testes de ANOVA com post-hoc de Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis com post-hoc de Dunn e Qui-quadrado. Resultados: foram investigados 209 pares mães-lactentes. Entre aqueles que não praticaram o aleitamento materno foi observadouma menor percepção de cuidado materno, uma maior percepção de proteção materna e ummaior escore de depressão pós-parto (p=0,022, p=0,038 e p<0,001, respectivamente) quandocomparados aos pares mães-lactentes que praticaram. O grupo controle teve significativamente maior percepção do cuidado materno quando comparado ao grupo com diabetes mellitus (p=0,006) enquanto a percepção de proteção materna e a depressão pós-parto não apresentaram diferenças entre os cinco grupos intrauterinos (p>0,05). Conclusões: a percepção de cuidado e proteção materna e asintomatologia depressiva pós-parto influenciaram o aleitamento materno aos três meses. É possível assumir um efeito transgeracional no aleitamento materno, sugerindo a existência de um modelo complexo relacionado à saúde mental numa amostra de mulheres que tinham diferentes antecedentes de condições clínicas gestacionais.

Abstract Objective To verify the prevalence of the offer of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), and to analyze their associated factors in the child's first year of life. Methods Cross-sectional study with 119 mother-infant pairs. At 5.5 months of the child, the mothers received guidance on complementary feeding (CF) according to three methods: Parent-Led Weaning (PLW), Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS), or mixed (a combination of PLW and BLISS). At nine and 12 months, the mothers answered a questionnaire about the offer of UPFs. The NOVA classification, which classifies foods according to the nature, extent, and purposes of the industrial processes to which they are subjected, was used to list the UPFs. Descriptive statistics and multivariate Poisson regression, following a multilevel hierarchical model according to the proximity to the outcome, were used to estimate the association between dependent and independent variables. Results The prevalence of UPF consumption was 63% (n = 75) in the first year of life. Receiving guidance on healthy CF in the BLISS method showed to be a protective factor for offering UPFs (RR 0.72; CI95 0.52-0.99). Attending less than six prenatal consultations was a risk factor for the UPFs provision (RR 1.39; CI95 1.07-1.80). Conclusion The prevalence of UPFs offered in the first year of life in this study can be considered high, and future interventions aimed at avoiding UPFs offered in this population should consider the CF method.

Abstract Objective: Compare the occurrence of choking and gagging in infants subjected to three complementary feeding (CF) methods. Methods: Randomized clinical trial with mother-infant pairs, allocated according to the following methods of CF: a) Parent-Led Weaning (PLW) — group control, b) Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS), and c) mixed (initially BLISS and if the infant presents a lack of interest or dissatisfaction, PLW), with the last two methods guided by the infant. Mothers received nutritional intervention on CF and prevention of choking and gagging according to the method at 5.5 months of age and remained in follow-up until 12 months. Frequencies of choking and gagging were collected by questionnaire at nine and 12 months. The comparison between groups was performed using the analysis of variance test (p < 0.05). Results: 130 infants were followed, and 34 (26.2%) children presented choking between six and 12 months of age, 13 (30.2%) in PLW, 10 (22.2%) BLISS, and 11 (26.2%) mixed method, no significative difference between methods (p > 0.05). The choking was caused mainly by the semi-solid/solid consistency. Moreover, 100 (80%) infants aged from six to 12 months presented gagging and their characteristics were not statistically different among groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Infants following a baby-led feeding method that includes advice on minimizing choking risk do not seem more likely to choke than infants following traditional feeding practice that includes advice on minimizing choking risk.

ABSTRACT Objective: Infant sleep problems can affect the child's health. Maternal characteristics have been associated with the quality of infant sleep, but few studies have investigated the impact of intrauterine conditions. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between adverse intrauterine environments (maternal smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and intrauterine growth restriction) and extrauterine factors on infant sleep in the first 6 months of life. Methods: Prospective cohort study, including singleton and at-term infants. Mothers were interviewed after delivery and at 30 days, 3 months, and 6 months of life. Socioeconomic, breastfeeding, and sleep data were self-reported by mothers using semi-structured interviews. Maternal stress (Perceived Stress Scale) and postpartum depression symptoms (Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale) were assessed. Results: There was no statistically significant association between intrauterine environments and the sleep of infants of the 359 mother–child dyads investigated. Total infant sleep time decreased from approximately 13–11 h from 30 days to 6 months of age (p < 0.001) and the longest period of uninterrupted sleep increased from approximately 4–6 h during the same period (p < 0.001). Breastfed infants slept longer in 24-h periods in the first month, but they woke up more often throughout the night when compared to infants receiving formula. Mothers with depressive symptoms reported increased sleep latency time. Conclusions: Adverse intrauterine environments did not significantly affect sleep measures in the first 6 months of life. Maternal characteristics and practices, however, were associated with infant sleep, suggesting that environmental factors significantly contribute to sleep quality early in life.

Abstract Different intrauterine exposures are associated with different metabolic profiles leading to growth and development characteristics in children and also relate to health and disease patterns in adult life. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of four different intrauterine environments on the telomere length of newborns. This is a longitudinal observational study using a convenience sample of 222 mothers and their term newborns (>37 weeks of gestational age) from hospitals in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), from September 2011 to January 2016. Sample was divided into four groups: pregnant women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (DM) (n=38), smoking pregnant women (TOBACCO) (n=52), mothers with small-for-gestational age (SGA) children due to idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction (n=33), and a control group (n=99). Maternal and newborn genomic DNA were obtained from epithelial mucosal cells. Telomere length was assessed by qPCR, with the calculation of the telomere and single copy gene (T/S ratio). In this sample, there was no significant difference in telomere length between groups (p>0.05). There was also no association between childbirth weight and telomere length in children (p>0.05). For term newborns different intrauterine environments seems not to influence telomere length at birth.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a influência da paridade no aleitamento materno e na introdução da alimentação complementar nos primeiros seis meses de vida. Estudo longitudinal com uma amostra de conveniência de pares mães-filhos, selecionados no pós-parto e acompanhados até o sexto mês de vida, de 2011 a 2016, em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Foi analisado o tempo da primeira mamada após o nascimento, a prática e o tempo de aleitamento materno, o consumo de outros leites e a introdução da alimentação complementar. A amostra consistiu de 161 díades, com 74 primíparas e 87 multíparas. As multíparas iniciaram antes o aleitamento materno nas primeiras 24 horas pós-parto (p = 0,019). A oferta de outros leites não mostrou diferença em relação à paridade, assim como o momento da introdução alimentar; ainda que tanto primíparas como multíparas o fizeram antes dos quatro meses de vida. A paridade pareceu influenciar o momento da primeira oferta do aleitamento materno, mas não a introdução da alimentação complementar, apesar de esta ter ocorrido precocemente. Neste sentido, se faz necessária a maior difusão de informações sobre aleitamento materno e alimentação infantil durante a assistência pré-natal e puericultura, para melhoria da saúde materno-infantil.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the influence of parity on breastfeeding and introduction of complementary feeding in children up to six months after childbirth. Longitudinal study conducted through a convenience sample of mother-child pairs, selected at postpartum and accompanied until the sixth month of infant’s life, between 2011 and 2016, in Porto Alegre, Brazil. There was an analysis of the time taken in the first feeding after birth, practice and time of breastfeeding, consumption of other types of milk and introduction of complementary feeding. The sample consisted of 161 dyads, with 74 primiparous and 87 multiparous. Multiparous women breastfed their babies sooner in the first 24 hours post-partum (p = 0.019). The offering of other kinds of milk showed no difference in relation to parity, as the moment of introduction to infant nutrition, although both primiparous and multiparous did it before the age of four months. Parity seemed to influence the timing of first breastfeeding offer, but not the introduction of complementary feeding, although this occurred in an early way. In this sense, it is necessary to disseminate more information about breastfeeding and infant feeding during prenatal and childcare, to improve maternal and child health.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a associação entre o consumo alimentar gestacional com diferentes condições clínicas das gestantes (hipertensão, diabete, tabagismo, restrição de crescimento intrauterino e um grupo controle) e os demais fatores associados. Métodos: pesquisa transversal aninhada em estudo de coorte realizado de 2011 a2016 em três hospitais de Porto Alegre (Brasil). Foram analisadas, por um questionário estruturado, as condições sociodemográficas e o pré-natal; e práticas alimentares gestacionais pelo Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA). Para o cálculo do percentual calórico referente ao processamento, os itens alimentares foram categorizados em: in natura ou minimamente processados, processados e ultraprocessados. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis com post-hoc de Dunn comparou o consumo alimentar entre os grupos e a regressão de Poisson, a associação entre as variáveis. Resultados: não houve diferença de consumo calórico entre as 303 mães dos diferentes grupos pesquisados, porém as gestantes diabéticas apresentaram menor valor de contribuição vinda dos alimentos ultraprocessados. Além disso, as gestantes de todos os grupos apresentaram consumo adequado em relação ao percentual de contribuição calórica de macronutrientes no valor energético total. Conclusões: não foi encontrada associação entre consumo alimentar e diferentes condições clínicas gestacionais. Nas gestantes diabéticas, tabagistas e hipertensas foram observadas associações da ingestão energética total com diferentes fatores sociodemográficos entre os grupos.

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the association between dietary intake during pregnancy and different gestational clinical conditions (hypertensive, diabetics, smokers, having intrauterine growth restriction and a control group) and associated factors. Methods: cross-sectional study nested in a cohort study from 2011 to 2016 that occurred in three hospitals in Porto Alegre (Brazil). Sociodemographic conditions and prenatal were investigated and maternal feeding practices were analyzed by the Food Frequency Questionnaire. To calculate the caloric percentage from food groups, food items were categorized into:unprocessed or minimally processed, processed and ultra-processed foods. The Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-hoc compared food consumption between the groups and the Poisson regression evaluated the association between the variables. Results: there was no statistical difference in food intake among 303 mothers of different gestational clinical conditions, but diabetic pregnant women had lower caloric contribution value of ultra-processed foods. In addition, pregnant women from all groups showed adequate consumption in relation to the percentage of caloric contribution of macronutrients in the total energy value. Conclusions: there was no difference in energy consumption according to different gestational clinical conditions.In diabetic, smokers and hypertensive pregnant women, associations between total energy intake and different sociodemographic factors were observed between the groups.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a influência da paridade no aleitamento materno e na introdução da alimentação complementar nos primeiros seis meses de vida. Estudo longitudinal com uma amostra de conveniência de pares mães-filhos, selecionados no pós-parto e acompanhados até o sexto mês de vida, de 2011 a 2016, em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Foi analisado o tempo da primeira mamada após o nascimento, a prática e o tempo de aleitamento materno, o consumo de outros leites e a introdução da alimentação complementar. A amostra consistiu de 161 díades, com 74 primíparas e 87 multíparas. As multíparas iniciaram antes o aleitamento materno nas primeiras 24 horas pós-parto (p = 0,019). A oferta de outros leites não mostrou diferença em relação à paridade, assim como o momento da introdução alimentar; ainda que tanto primíparas como multíparas o fizeram antes dos quatro meses de vida. A paridade pareceu influenciar o momento da primeira oferta do aleitamento materno, mas não a introdução da alimentação complementar, apesar de esta ter ocorrido precocemente. Neste sentido, se faz necessária a maior difusão de informações sobre aleitamento materno e alimentação infantil durante a assistência pré-natal e puericultura, para melhoria da saúde materno-infantil.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the influence of parity on breastfeeding and introduction of complementary feeding in children up to six months after childbirth. Longitudinal study conducted through a convenience sample of mother-child pairs, selected at postpartum and accompanied until the sixth month of infant’s life, between 2011 and 2016, in Porto Alegre, Brazil. There was an analysis of the time taken in the first feeding after birth, practice and time of breastfeeding, consumption of other types of milk and introduction of complementary feeding. The sample consisted of 161 dyads, with 74 primiparous and 87 multiparous. Multiparous women breastfed their babies sooner in the first 24 hours post-partum (p = 0.019). The offering of other kinds of milk showed no difference in relation to parity, as the moment of introduction to infant nutrition, although both primiparous and multiparous did it before the age of four months. Parity seemed to influence the timing of first breastfeeding offer, but not the introduction of complementary feeding, although this occurred in an early way. In this sense, it is necessary to disseminate more information about breastfeeding and infant feeding during prenatal and childcare, to improve maternal and child health.

Resumo Objetivo Diferentes ambientes intrauterinos podem influenciar a variação de peso corporal pré-gestacional materno até 6 meses pós-parto. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a associação de fatores sociodemográficos, obstétricos, nutricionais e comportamentais com a variação de peso em mulheres divididas em quatro grupos: hipertensas (HM), diabéticas (DM), tabagistas (SM) e controles (CM). Métodos Amostra de conveniência de 124 puérperas recrutadas em 3 hospitais públicos da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre 2011 e 2016. Regressões lineares múltiplas e modelos de equações de estimativas generalizadas (GEE) foram realizados para identificar os fatores associados à variação do peso materno. Para todas as GEE, as medidas de peso materno foram ajustadas para a estatura materna, paridade, escolaridade e tipo de parto, e três medidas de peso (prégravidez, anterior ao parto e 15 dias pós-parto) foram fixadas. Resultados Um modelo hierárquico associou o diagnóstico materno de hipertensão e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional de sobrepeso com ganho de peso materno medido até o 6° mês pós-parto (diferença entre o peso materno aos 6 meses pós-parto e o peso pré-gestacional). Estes resultados mostraram que o grupo HM e mulheres comsobrepeso aumentaram o peso corporal em ~ 5,2 kg 6 meses pós-parto, em comparação com os demais grupos. Além disso, as mulheres classificadas com sobrepeso tiveram uma variação maior de peso corporal, de 3,150 kg. Conclusão Evidenciou-se a necessidade de diretrizes nutricionais específicas para distúrbios hipertensivos gestacionais, bem como de maior atenção dos serviços de saúde públicos para mulheres com excesso de peso em idade fértil.

Abstract Objective Different intrauterine environments may influence the maternal prepregnancy body weight (BW) variation up to 6 months postpartum. The objective of the present study was to verify the association of sociodemographic, obstetric, nutritional, and behavioral factors with weight variation in women divided into four groups: hypertensive (HM), diabetic (DM), smokers (SM), and control mothers (CM). Methods It was a convenience sample of 124 postpartum women recruited from 3 public hospitals in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between 2011 and 2016.Multiple linear regressions and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were conducted to identify the factors associated with maternal weight variation. For all GEE, the maternal weight measurements were adjusted for maternal height, parity, educational level, and the type of delivery, and 3 weight measurements (prepregnancy, preceding delivery, and 15 days postpartum) were fixed. Results A hierarchical model closely associated the maternal diagnosis of hypertension and a prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) classified as overweight with maternal weight gain measured up to the 6th month postpartum (the difference between the maternal weight at 6months postpartum and the prepregnancy weight). These results showed that the BW of the HM group and of overweight women increased ~ 5.2 kg 6 months postpartum, compared with the other groups. Additionally, women classified as overweight had a greater BW variation of 3.150 kg. Conclusion This evidence supports the need for specific nutritional guidelines for gestational hypertensive disorders, as well as great public attention for overweight women in the fertile age.

Objetivos:estudar a retenção de peso em mulheres nos primeiros três meses pós-parto e sua correlação com ganho de peso gestacional (GPG) e consumo alimentar.Métodos:estudo de coorte com 61 mulheres. Aplicou-se: Questionário de Frequência Alimentar (QFA), Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) e questionário referente à amamentação e dados antropométricos. Realizaram-se avaliações entre 24 e 48 horas pós-parto, 7, 15, 30 e 90 dias. A retenção de peso deu-se pela subtração entre peso aos três meses pós-parto e peso pré-gestacional. Os testes estatísticos usados foram: correlações de Pearson e Spearman, teste t de Student, de comparação múltipla com ajuste de Bonferroni e regressão linear.Resultados:a média de idade foi 28±7,0 anos, com medianas: de consumo alimentar diário na gestação de 3.670,3 kcal, GPG de 12,0 kg e retenção de peso nos primeiros três meses de 3,2 Kg. Observou-se associação significativa entre retenção de peso nos primeiros três meses pós-parto e o GPG (p<0,001) e a paridade (p<0,05). Para cada quilo ganho durante a gestação 0,8 kg foi retido nos primeiros três meses.Conclusões:a retenção de peso três meses pós-parto mostrou-se maior quanto maior o GPG durante a gestação e a paridade.

Objectives:to study weight retention in women in the first three months post-partum and its correlation with gestational weight gain (GWG) and diet.Methods:a cohort study of 61 women was conducted. The Food Intake Frequency Questionnaire (FIFQ), International PhysicalActivity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and a questionnaire on breastfeeding and anthropometric data were applied. Evaluations were conducted between 24 and 48 hours post-partum, and after 7, 15, 30 and 90 days. Weight retention was calculated by subtractingpre-gestational weight from weight three months post-partum. The statistical tests used were the Pearson and Spearman correlations, Student’s t test, multiple comparisons with Bonferroni’s adjustment, and linear regression.Results:the mean age was 28±7.0 years, with median daily food intake duringpregnancy of3,670.3 kcal, GWG of 12.0 kg and weight retention in the first three months of 3.2 Kg. A significant association was found between weight retention in the first three months post-partum and GWG (p<0.001) andparity (p<0.05). For each kilo gained during pregnancy, 0.8 kg was retained in the first three months.Conclusions:Conclusions: weight retention three months post-partum was found to be greater the greater the GWG and the number of previous births.